Obesidad e hígado graso: el rol del pediatra / Obesity-fatty liver: the role of the pediatrician

La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica pediátrica (EHGNA) es la causa más frecuente en niños y adolescentes de enfermedad hepática crónica que no puede ser atribuida a otras causas genéticas, infecciosas, tóxicas o nutricionales. Puede evolucionar desde una esteatosis simple hasta un cuadro de esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, y progresar a fibrosis avanzada, cirrosis y riesgo aumentado de carcinoma hepatocelular. Su tratamiento consiste en el cambio en el estilo de vida, mediante la promoción de la disminución de peso con la incorporación de una dieta saludable y el aumento de actividad física. Para lograr este objetivo, es fundamental el acompañamiento familiar. Estas medidas beneficiarán la calidad de vida física, psíquica y social de estos niños. El objetivo de esta comunicación es sensibilizar a la comunidad pediátrica acerca de la importancia del manejo de estos pacientes y su entorno familiar, comprometiéndose en la modificación de los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos, para lograr una mejor calidad de vida de las futuras generaciones.

Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents that cannot be attributed to other genetic, infectious, toxic or nutritional causes. It can evolve from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and can progress to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Its treatment consists of a change in lifestyle, promoting weight loss with the incorporation of a healthy diet and increased physical activity. To achieve this goal, family support is essential. These measures will benefit the physical, mental and social quality of life of these children. The objective of this communication is to sensitize the pediatric community about the importance of managing these patients and their family environment, committing to modifying socioeconomic risk factors, to achieve a better quality of life for future generations.

Aspectos relevantes de la enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico / Relevant aspects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

La enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) es una condición que incluye desde la esteatosis hepática simple y la esteatohepatitis, hasta la cirrosis hepática y eventualmente el carcinoma hepatocelular. La diabetes tipo 2 y la obesidad son los principales factores asociados a la EHGNA. Su prevalencia en la población general se ha descrito entre el 20% y el 30%. Estos pacientes tienen un riesgo aumentado de mortalidad y presentan mayor incidencia que la población general de complicaciones hepáticas y cardiovasculares. La asociación de diferentes factores promueve la acumulación de ácidos grasos en el parénquima hepático, generando un estado de estrés, con formación de radicales de oxígeno y liberación de citoquinas inflamatorias que determinan la progresión de la enfermedad. Aunque existen diferentes pruebas no invasivas para el diagnóstico y estadificación de esta entidad, la biopsia hepática es la única prueba que permite identificar de manera fiable la presencia de inflamación, además del grado de fibrosis. El tratamiento actual de la EHGNA se basa en los cambios de estilo de vida del paciente, que han demostrado ser efectivos, incluso para revertir la fibrosis. Desafortunadamente, la adherencia a las medidas generales es muy pobre, de ahí la necesidad de contar con estrategias farmacológicas. Hasta el momento, no contamos con medicamentos aprobados por las agencias regulatorias para esta entidad, y los únicos fármacos recomendados por las sociedades internacionales son la pioglitazona y la vitamina E, que no están exentas de efectos adversos. Actualmente se encuentran bajo investigación diferentes medicamentos que buscan reducir la actividad inflamatoria sin aumento de la fibrosis, o mejoría de la fibrosis sin deterioro de la esteatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition that ranges from simple hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, to liver cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Type 2 diabetes and obesity are the main factors associated with NAFLD. The prevalence in the general population has been described between 20% and 30%. These patients are at increased risk of mortality and have a higher incidence than the general population of liver and cardiovascular complications. The association of different factors promotes the accumulation of fatty acids in the liver parenchyma, generating a state of stress, with the formation of oxygen radicals and the release of inflammatory cytokines that determine the progression of the disease. Although there are different non-invasive tests for the diagnosis and staging of this condition, liver biopsy is the only test that reliably identifies the presence of inflammation, in addition to the degree of fibrosis. The current treatment of NAFLD is based on changes in the patient's lifestyle, which have been shown to be effective, including in reversing fibrosis. Unfortunately, adherence to general measures is very poor, hence the need for pharmacological strategies. So far, we do not have drugs approved by the regulatory agencies for this disease, and the only drugs recommended by international societies are pioglitazone and vitamin E, which are not exempt from adverse effects. Currently, different drugs are under investigation that seek to reduce inflammatory activity without increasing fibrosis, or improvement of fibrosis without deterioration of steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: associated factors and noninvasive fibrosis staging in a single Brazilian center

ABSTRACT Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a recognized risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD in women with PCOS and evaluate noninvasive indices of hepatic fibrosis in patients with PCOS and NAFLD. Subjects and methods Patients with PCOS (n = 87) and women without PCOS (n = 40; controls) were included. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography after exclusion of alcohol consumption and viral or autoimmune liver disease. Anthropometric, clinical and metabolic variables, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), FIB-4 index, NAFLD score, and transient elastography (TE; FibroScan) were obtained in subsets of patients with PCOS and NAFLD. Results A total of 87 patients with PCOS were included (mean age: 34.4 ± 5.7 years, mean body mass index [BMI]: 34.7 ± 4.7 kg/m 2 ). NAFLD was present in 67 (77.0%) patients with PCOS versus 21 of 40 (52.5%) controls (p = 0.005). Women with PCOS and liver steatosis, compared with their NAFLD-free counterparts, had higher values of BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, and γ-glutamyltransferase, along with higher frequencies of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. NAFLD was independently associated with waist circumference, serum triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase levels. The FIB-4 index was not compatible with advanced fibrosis in any of the evaluated patients, while NAFLD score and TE were compatible with advanced liver fibrosis in 1 of 26 (3.8%) and 3 of 25 (12%) patients, respectively. Conclusion Women with PCOS had a high risk of NAFLD, and a combination of both was associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Noninvasive methods suggested low rates of severe hepatic fibrosis in Brazilian women with PCOS. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):235-42

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS The systematic review included articles indexed in MEDLINE (by PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS, and LILACS. Studies eligible included the year of publication, diagnose criteria of NAFLD and HIV, and were published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish from 2006 to 2018. The exclusion criteria were studies with HIV-infection patients and other liver diseases. Two reviewers were involved in the study and applied the same methodology, according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). RESULTS One hundred and sixteen papers were selected, including full articles, editorial letters, and reviews. Twenty-seven articles were excluded because they did meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 89 articles were read, and 13 were considered eligible for this review. Four case series used imaging methods to identify NAFLD, and nine included histology. The prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients ranged from 30%-100% and, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), from 20% to 89%. A positive association between dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and body mass index was observed. There was no agreement between the studies that evaluated the relationship between antiretroviral drugs and NAFLD. CONCLUSION This systematic review showed a high prevalence of NAFLD in HIV-patients, which was associated with metabolic risk factors. The possible association between antiretroviral therapy and NAFLD needs further studies.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a relevância da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em pacientes com HIV / AIDS. MÉTODOS A revisão sistemática foi realizada utilizando instrumentos de busca de material científico indexado, incluindo MEDLINE (pela PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS e LILACS. Estudos elegíveis incluíram o ano de publicação, critérios para diagnostico de DHGNA e HIV, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, entre 2006 a 2018. Os critérios de exclusão incluíram estudos com pacientes com outras doenças do fígado. Dois revisores foram envolvidos na pesquisa dos artigos e o PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta - Analyses) foi utilizado nas análises. RESULTADOS Cento e dezesseis artigos foram selecionados, 27 excluídos porque não preencheram critérios de inclusão e assim, 89 foram lidos pelos investigadores. Desses, 13 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Quatro séries de casos utilizaram métodos por imagens para identificação de DHGNA e nove estudos utilizaram biópsia hepática. A prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes com HIV variou de 30% a 100% e esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (EHNA) entre 20% e 89%. Na avaliação das principais variáveis estudadas, observou-se a associação positiva entre dislipidemia, resistência à insulina e índice de massa corporal. Não houve concordância entre os artigos que avaliaram a relação dos antiretrovirais com a DHGNA. CONCLUSÕES A presente revisão sistemática sugere elevada prevalência de DHGNA em pacientes infectados com HIV. DHGNA nesses pacientes foi associada principalmente a fatores metabólicos. A possível associação entre terapia antiretroviral e DHGNA nesses pacientes vem sendo discutida, mas são necessários mais estudos para estabelecer essa associação.

Enfermedades hepáticas y su relación con hiperglicemia / The relationship between liver diseases and hyperglycemia

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y las enfermedades crónicas del hígado(ECH), definida para esta revisión como cualquier alteración funcional o estructural de este órgano, desde inflamación hasta fibrosis, son patologías que frecuentemente se asocian, y su coexistencia se relaciona con peor pronóstico y mayores complicaciones de ambas entidades. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la relación entre hiperglicemia y enfermedades del hígado, sus procesos fisiopatológicos comunes y tratamiento, distinguiendo las patologías más relevantes, entre ellas la Diabetes Hepatogénica (DH), la enfermedad hepática por Virus Hepatitis C (VHC) y la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No Alcohólica (EHGNA). La DH es aquella diagnosticada en pacientes con cirrosis asociada a insuficiencia hepática, sin antecedentes previos de alteración de la glicemia. En la actualidad el diagnóstico se realiza en etapas tardías de la enfermedad. El VHC tiene un efecto diabetogénico conocido. Algunas terapias antivirales usadas para VHC evidencian mejoría de las alteraciones metabólicas al lograr respuestas virológicas sostenidas. En DM2, la EHGNA es frecuente, con mayor incidencia de fibrosis, hepatocarcinoma (HCC) y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Es necesario realizar una pesquisa e intervención precoz de EHGNA a los pacientes con DM2. En el manejo de éstos, la baja de peso ha demostrado ser efectiva en el control glicémico y en la mejoría histológica. Dentro de las terapias antidiabéticas, además del uso de metformina, debería considerarse aquellas que han demostrado a la fecha beneficios en EHGNA, como son tiazolidinedionas (pioglitazona) y/o análogos de GLP-1 (liraglutide) y optimizar el control de otros factores de RCV.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and chronic liver diseases (CLD) defined in this revision as any functional or structural alteration in the organ, covering from inflammation to fibrosis, are pathologies that are frequently associated, and when found together are related to worse prognosis and higher complications in both conditions. The objective of this article is to describe the relationship between hyperglycemia and liver diseases, their common physio-pathological processes and treatments, identifying the most important pathologies, including Hepatogenic Diabetes (HD), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) liver disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Hepatogenic diabetes (HD) is diagnosed in patients with liver failure associated to cirrhosis with no previous record of impaired glycemia. Currently, diagnosis is made during the late stages of the disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a known diabetogenic effect. Some antiviral therapies used for HCV show improvement in metabolic alterations by achieving sustained virological responses. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in DM2 patients is common, presenting higher risk for fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). Early screening and interventions for NAFLD in DM patients are necessary. Weight loss has been shown to be effective in glycemic control and histological improvement. Anti-diabetic therapies, in addition to the use of metformin, should consider therapies that have shown benefits for managing NAFLD, such as thiazolidinedione (pioglitazones) and/or aGLP-1 (Liraglutide), and optimally controlling other cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors.

Impacto da dieta usual no risco de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) / Impact of current diet at the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld)

ABSTRACT The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 20%-30% of general population and is even more prevalent among obese individuals. The risk factors mainly associated with NAFLD are diseases related to the metabolic syndrome, genetics and environment. In this review, we provide a literature compilation evaluating the evidence behind dietary components, including calories intake, fat, protein, fibers and carbohydrate, especially fructose which could be a trigger to development and progression of the NAFLD. In fact, it has been demonstrated that diet is an important factor for the development of NAFLD and its association is complex and extends beyond total energy intake.

RESUMO A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) afeta aproximadamente de 20% a 30% da população geral sendo prevalente entre os indivíduos obesos. Os fatores de risco associados à DHGNA são: doenças relacionadas à síndrome metabólica, fatores genéticos e meio ambiente. Nesta revisão, fornecemos uma compilação bibliográfica avaliando como as evidências relacionadas aos componentes da dieta, incluindo ingestão calórica, de gorduras, de proteínas, de fibras e de carboidratos, especialmente a frutose, poderiam ser um estímulo para o desenvolvimento e progressão da DHGNA. Foi demonstrado que a dieta é um fator importante para o desenvolvimento da DHGNA e sua associação se estende além do consumo total de calorias.

Non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease and insulin resistance: overlooked complication of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome - signaling pathway diagram / Doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica e resistência insulínica: complicação negligenciada da síndrome de apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono

Objective: To demonstrate the interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease through the signaling pathway diagram. Methods: To investigate the involvement of metabolic signaling pathway, a search was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signaling pathway mapping was performed using the automatic annotation server of this encyclopedia. The Modeller 9.19 package was used to predict 3-dimensional structures based on the homology modeling protocol. The signaling pathway map was performed using PathVisio software, which is a free available signaling pathway drawing software. Based on the 3-dimensional structures, we have designed several peptide activators of the signaling pathway of non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. Results: The contigs were taken from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and their mapped transcription represented the signaling pathway of the main biomolecules that triggered non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. The interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, insulin resistance, and inflammatory factors contributes to the possible development of fatty infiltration of pancreas, leading to the loss of function of the pancreatic ß-cells, and even to the development of other metabolic diseases. Conclusion: The interaction between obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and insulin resistance demonstrated through the signaling pathway contributes to the possible development of non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease. (AU)

Objetivo: Demonstrar a interação entre a síndrome de apneia/ hipopneia obstrutiva do sono, a resistência à insulina e a doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica considerando o desenho de uma via de sinalização. Métodos: Para avaliar o envolvimento da via de sinalização metabólica, realizou-se uma pesquisa usando a Enciclopédia de Genes e Genomas de Kyoto. O mapeamento da via de sinalização foi realizado com o servidor de anotação automático desta enciclopédia. O software MODELLER 9.19 foi usado para prever estruturas tridimensionais, com base no protocolo de modelagem por homologia. O desenho da via de sinalização foi realizado por meio do programa PathVisio, um software de domínio público para desenho de via de sinalização. Com base nas estruturas tridimensionais, desenhamos os vários ativadores peptídicos da via de sinalização da esteatose pancreática. Resultados: Os contigs foram retirados do banco de dados da Enciclopédia de Genes e Genomas de Kyoto, e sua transcrição mapeada representou a via de sinalização das principais biomoléculas que desencadearam doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica. A interação entre síndrome de apneia/hipopneia obstrutiva do sono, resistência à insulina e fatores inflamatórios contribuiu para o possível desenvolvimento de infiltração gordurosa do pâncreas, levando à perda de função das células beta pancreáticas e até mesmo ao desenvolvimento de outras doenças metabólicas. Conclusão: A interação entre síndrome de apneia/hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e resistência à insulina demonstrada pela via de sinalização contribui para o possível desenvolvimento de doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica. (AU)

Estudo de parâmetros metabólicos em pacientes não diabéticos com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica - importância da dislipidemia / A study of metabolic parameters in non diabetic patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease - importance of dyslipidemia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Metabolic risk factors of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non diabetic teetotallers who constitute a definite group are not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To identify the metabolic risk factors of NAFLD if any in non diabetic subjects who do not consume alcohol. METHODS: In a cross sectional study the effect of metabolic parameters (BMI, individual lipid levels, hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c), HOMA IR and the metabolic syndrome components) of 150 consecutive non diabetic teetotallers (90 with normal glucose tolerance and 60 prediabetics) on their NFS (quantifiable severity parameter of NAFLD) was studied by linear regression analysis. Similar study was done in the normal glucose tolerance and prediabetes groups separately. These parameters were then compared with those of 75 matched diabetic teetotallers with NAFLD. To analyse further the difference between normal glucose tolerance, prediabetic and overt diabetic groups, binary logistic regression of the factors was carried out taking prediabetes and diabetes as outcome variable. RESULTS: All the metabolic parameters were significantly higher in diabetics compared to non diabetics and in prediabetics compared to those with normal glucose tolerance except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and BMI significantly predicted NFS in the overall (adjusted R2 68.7%, P=0.000) and normal glucose tolerance groups (adjusted R2 73.2%, P=0.000) whereas BMI, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and HbA1c did in prediabetics (adjusted R2 89%, P=0.000). The metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with NFS in the overall and prediabetic groups. High triglyceride (odds ratio1.08), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (odds ratio1.03) and HbA1c (odds ratio 11.54) were positively associated with prediabetes compared to normal glucose tolerance group. CONCLUSION: In nondiabetic teetotallers dyslipidemias are the prime contributors to the development of NAFLD.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os fatores de risco metabólicos da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em abstêmios não diabéticos, que constituem um grupo distinto, não são bem definidos. OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores de risco metabólicos da DHGNA em indivíduos não diabéticos e que não consumam álcool. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo transversal, o efeito dos parâmetros metabólicos (IMC, níveis de lipídios individuais, HbA1c, Homa IR e os componentes da síndrome metabólica) de 150 abstêmios não diabéticos consecutivos (90 com tolerância à glicose normal e 60 pré-diabéticos) em sua NFS (parâmetro de gravidade quantificável da DHGNA) foram estudados por análise de regressão linear. Um estudo similar em separado foi feito nos grupos normais da tolerância da glicose e do pré-diabetes. Esses parâmetros foram comparados com os de 75 abstêmios diabéticos pareados com DHGNA. Para analisar ainda mais a diferença entre a tolerância à glicose normal foi realizada a regressão logística binária dos fatores tomando pré-diabetes e diabetes como variável de desfecho, nos grupos diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. RESULTADOS: Todos os parâmetros metabólicos foram significativamente maiores nos diabéticos comparados aos não diabéticos e em pré-diabéticos comparados àqueles com tolerância normal à glicose, exceto HDL. Os índices TG, HDL e IMC previram significativamente o NFS no geral nos grupos de tolerância normal (R2 ajustado 68,7%, P=0,000) e de glicose normal (R2 ajustado 73,2%, P=0,000), enquanto o IMC, TG, LDL e HbA1c predisseram em pré-diabéticos (R2 ajustado 89%, P=0,000). A síndrome metabólica foi associada significativamente com o NFS nos grupos totais e pré-diabéticos. O TG elevado (odds ratio 1,08), o LDL (odds ratio 1,03) e a HbA1c (odds ratio 11,54) foram positivamente associados ao pré-diabetes em comparação com o grupo normal de tolerância à glicose. CONCLUSÃO: Em abstêmios não diabéticos as dislipidemias são os principais contribuintes para o desenvolvimento da DHGNA.

Evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using magnetic resonance in obese children and adolescents / Avaliação de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica utilizando ressonância em crianças e adolescentes obesos

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using nuclear magnetic resonance as a noninvasive method. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 50 children and adolescents followed up at an outpatient obesity clinic. The subjects were submitted to physical examination, laboratory tests (transaminases, liver function tests, lipid profile, glycemia, and basal insulin) and abdominal nuclear magnetic resonance (calculation of hepatic, visceral, and subcutaneous fat). Results: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 14 (28%) participants, as a severe condition in eight (percent fat >18%), and as non-severe in four (percent fat from 9% to 18%). Fatty liver was associated with male gender, triglycerides, AST, ALT, AST/ALT ratio, and acanthosis nigricans. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome did not show an association with fatty liver. Conclusion: The frequency of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the present population of children and adolescents was lower than that reported in the international literature. It is suggested that nuclear magnetic resonance is an imaging exam that can be applied to children and adolescents, thus representing an effective noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in this age range. However, further national multicenter studies with longitudinal design are needed for a better analysis of the correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its risk factors, as well as its consequences.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a frequência da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica utilizando ressonância magnética nuclear como um método não invasivo. Metodologia: Este foi um estudo transversal realizado em 50 crianças e adolescentes acompanhadas em uma Clínica Ambulatorial de Obesidade. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame físico, testes de laboratório (transaminases, testes de função hepática, perfil lipídico, glicemia e insulina basal) e ressonância magnética nuclear abdominal (cálculo da gordura hepática, visceral e subcutânea). Resultados: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica foi diagnosticada em 14 (28%) participantes, como uma condição grave em oito (percentual de gordura > 18%) e não grave em quatro (percentual de gordura de 9 a 18%). Fígado gorduroso foi associado a sexo masculino, triglicerídeos, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), proporção de AST/ALT e acanthosis nigricans. O Modelo de Avaliação da Homeostase de Resistência à Insulina e a síndrome metabólica não mostraram associação com fígado gorduroso. Conclusão: A frequência da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica na população atual de crianças e adolescentes foi inferior à relatada na literatura internacional. Sugerimos que a ressonância magnética nuclear seja um exame de imagem que pode ser aplicado em crianças e adolescentes, representando, assim, uma ferramenta não invasiva eficaz no diagnóstico de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica nessa faixa etária. Contudo, estudos multicêntricos nacionais adicionais de modelo longitudinal são necessários para uma melhor análise da correlação entre a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica e seus fatores de risco, bem como suas consequências.

Efectos de la cirugia bariátrica en pacientes con esteatohepatitis no alcohólica / Effects of bariatric surgery in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

La obesidad es el factor que más se asocia a la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA). La cirugía bariátrica ha demostrado ser eficaz en la EHNA y junto con el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y la dislipidemia, logran una mejoría en las alteraciones de las enzimas hepáticas y de los cambios ecográficos hepáticos. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 kg/m2 y EHNA. Método: se hizo una investigación retrospectiva de 20 pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica: bypass gástrico en Y de Roux (BPGYR) y gastrectomía vertical (GV) entre 2014 y 2015. Resultados: De los 20 pacientes, 14 fueron intervenidas de BPGYR y 6 de GV; 95% fueron del sexo femenino, con edad promedio de 35,95 ± 8,54 años. Los valores preoperatorios de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) de todos los pacientes fue > 30 U/L. Los valores postoperatorios de AST y ALT al año de la cirugía fueron normales en 85% y 80% de los casos respectivamente. No se observaron alteraciones en los niveles pre y postoperatorios de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH). Todos los pacientes presentaron infiltración grasa hepática moderada la cual se redujo a leve o sin infiltración grasa al año de la cirugía de acuerdo a la evaluación ecográfica. Conclusiones: La cirugía bariátrica demostró tener un impacto favorable en EHNA dado por la mejoría en los niveles de AST, ALT y de la esteatosis hepática corroborada por controles ecográficos(AU)

Obesity is the factor that is most associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in NASH and, along with treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dyslipidemia, they achieve a significant improvement in liver enzymes and liver ultrasound changes. Objective: To analyze the effect of bariatric surgery in patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2 and NASH. Method: It was performed a retrospective investigation of 20 patients who underwent bariatric surgery: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between 2014 and 2015. Results: Of the 20 patients, 14 underwent BPGYR and 6 GV; 95% were female, with a mean age of 35.95 ± 8.54 years. The preoperative levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for all patients were >30 U/L. Postoperative levels of AST and ALT one year after surgery were normal in 85% and 80% of cases, respectively. No alterations were observed in pre and postoperative levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). All patients presented moderate hepatic fat infiltration which was reduced to mild or without fat infiltration one year after surgery according to the ultrasonographic evaluation. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery was shown to have a favorable impact on NASH due to the improvement observed in AST and ALT levels, and hepatic steatosis corroborated by ultrasound scans(AU)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in posttransplantation liver: Review article / Esteato-hepatite não alcoólica no pós-transplante de fígado: artigo de revisão

Summary Introduction: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated or not with cirrhosis is the third leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) around the world. After transplants, NASH has a high prevalence and occurs as both recurrent and de novo manifestations. De novo NASH can also occur in allografts of patients transplanted for non-NASH liver disease. Objective: To evaluate recurrent or de novo NASH in post-LT patients. Method: A literature review was performed using search engines of indexed scientific material, including Medline (by PubMed), Scielo and Lilacs, to identify articles published in Portuguese and English until August 2016. Eligible studies included: place and year of publication, prevalence, clinical characteristics, risk factors and survival. Results: A total of 110 articles were identified and 63 were selected. Most of the studies evaluated recurrence and survival after LT. Survival reached 90-100% in 1 year and 52-100% in 5 years. Recurrence of NAFLD (steatosis) was described in 15-100% and NASH, in 4-71%. NAFLD and de novo NASH were observed in 18-67% and 3-17%, respectively. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension were seen in 45-58%, 18-59%, 25-66% and 52-82%, respectively. Conclusion: After liver transplants, patients present a high prevalence of recurrent and de novo NASH. They also show a high frequence of metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, these alterations seem not to influence patient survival.

Resumo Introdução: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é a terceira causa de transplante hepático no mundo. Tem elevada prevalência após transplante hepático (TH) e é representada pela recorrência da esteato-hepatite (NASH), ou por NASH de novo, que ocorre em pacientes transplantados por outra etiologia. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura para avaliar a relevância da recorrência ou do NASH de novo em pacientes transplantados de fígado. Método: Realizada revisão da literatura através de artigos indexados no Medline, Scielo e Lilacs até 2016 publicados em inglês e português. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos que incluíram local e ano de publicação, prevalência e características clínicas dos pacientes. Resultados: Foram identificados 110 artigos e selecionados 63, que avaliaram a recorrência de NASH, NASH de novo e sobrevida após o TH. A sobrevida foi de 90% a 100% em um ano e de 52-100% em 5 anos. A recorrência de esteatose variou de 15-100% e a de NASH de 4-71%, enquanto esteatose e NASH de novo variaram de 18-67% e 3-17%, respectivamente. A frequência de síndrome metabólica, diabetes, dislipidemia e hipertensão variaram de 45-58%, 18-59%, 25-66% e 52-82%, respectivamente. Conclusão: No pós-transplante de fígado, os pacientes apresentam elevada prevalência de recorrência, de NASH de novo e de distúrbios metabólicos. Entretanto, essas alterações parecem não influenciar a sobrevida dos pacientes.

The impact of the use of symbiotics in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a rat model / Impacto do uso de simbiótico na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em modelo de ratos

ABSTRACT Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by accumulation of intrahepatic lipid. The use of live microorganisms promotes beneficial effects; however, the use of symbiotic and its role in NAFLD is not yet fully understood. Aim: Verify if the symbiotic administration influences the occurrence and progression of NAFLD in rats, after induction of hepatic steatosis by high calorie diet. Method: Forty-five rats were divided into four groups: G1 (control); G2 (control+symbiotic); G3 (high calorie+symbiotic) and G4 (high calorie), and euthanized after 60 days of diet. Liver disease was evaluated by biochemical analysis, IL6 measurement and histological assessment. Results: Symbiotic had influence neither on weight gain, nor on coefficient dietary intake in G3 and G4. G2 had the greatest weight gain, while G1 had the highest coefficient dietary intake between groups. G1 showed higher expression of aspartate aminotransferase than those from G2 (150±35 mg/dl, and 75±5 mg/dl) while G4 showed higher expression of the enzyme compared to G3 (141±9.7 mg/dl to 78±4 mg/dl). Liver histology showed different stages of NAFLD between groups. G4 animals showed increased serum interleukin-6 when compared to G3 (240.58±53.68 mg/dl and 104.0±15.31 mg/dl). Conclusion: Symbiotic can reduce hepatic aminotransferases and interleukin-6 expression. However, the histology showed that the symbiotic was not able to prevent the severity of NAFLD in rats.

RESUMO Racional: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é caracterizada por acúmulo de lipídios intra-hepáticos. O uso de microrganismos vivos promove diversos efeitos benéficos; porém, a utilização de simbióticos e sua atuação na DHGNA ainda não está totalmente esclarecida. Objetivo: Verificar se a administração de simbióticos influencia na ocorrência e na progressão da DHGNA em ratos, após a indução de esteatose hepática por dieta hipercalórica. Método: Quarenta e cinco ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1 (controle); G2 (controle+simbiótico); G3 (hipercalórica+ simbiótico) e G4 (hipercalórica), e eutanasiados após 60 dias de dieta. Coleta de sangue foi realizada para obtenção de análises bioquímicas e dosagem de IL6, e de tecido para análise histológica do fígado. Resultados: O simbiótico não influenciou no ganho de peso e no coeficiente de consumo alimentar nos grupos G3 e G4. Já G2 obteve maior ganho de peso, enquanto G1 apresentou o maior coeficiente de consumo alimentar entre os grupos. G1 apresentou maior expressão de aspartato aminotransferase em relação ao G2 (150±35 mg/dl e 75±5 mg/dl), enquanto G4 teve maior expressão desta enzima em relação ao G3 (141±9,7 mg/dl e 78±4 mg/dl,). A análise histológica hepática mostrou diferentes estágios de evolução da DHGNA entre os grupos. Animais do G4 apresentaram aumento sérico de interleucina-6 quando comparados a G3 (240,58±53,68 mg/dl, e 104,0±15,31 mg/dl). Conclusão: Os simbióticos reduziram aminotransferases hepáticas e a expressão de interleucina-6. No entanto, a histopatologia demonstrou que o simbiótico não foi capaz de prevenir a severidade da DHGNA em ratos.

Testosterone, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction and aim. Endogenous sex hormones are associated with the risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Recent studies suggested the role of these hormones in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies investigating the association between sex hormones and NAFLD. Material and methods. A comprehensive search of the databases of the MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed from inception through April 2016. The inclusion criterion was the observational studies that assessed the association of serum total testosterone (TT) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and NAFLD. We calculated pooled effect estimates of TT and SHBG with 95% confidence intervals (Cl) comparing between subjects with and without NAFLD by using random-effects model. Results. Sixteen trials comprising 13,721 men and 5,840 women met the inclusion criteria. TT levels were lower in men with NAFLD (MD = -2.78 nmol/l, 95%CI -3.40 to -2.15, I2 = 99%) than in those without. Men with higher TT levels had lower odds of NAFLD whereas higher TT levels increased the odds of NAFLD in women. In both sexes, SHBG levels were lower in patients with NAFLD than controls and this inverse association was stronger in women than men and higher SHBG levels were associated with reduced odds of NAFLD. Conclusion. Our meta-analysis demonstrated a sex-dependent association between TT and NAFLD. Lower TT levels are associated with men with NAFLD and inversely associated with women with NAFLD, whereas higher SHBG levels are associated with lower NAFLD odds in both men and women.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in different populations: A clinical and epidemiological study - sample of São José do Rio Preto / Doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em diferentes populações: um estudo clínico e epidemiológico - Amostra de São José do Rio Preto

SUMMARY Introduction: NAFLD is an heterogeneous condition that includes steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in the absence of significant alcohol consumption, reaching 30% of the population. The most common risk factors are: age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, predisposition, metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance (IR), drugs, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Objective: To describe the profile of patients with NAFLD seen at Hospital de Base of Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo. Method: Patients with NAFLD were assessed, with medical and epidemiological data collected after informed consent. Results: Of the 62 patients evaluated, 76% were women, 73% Caucasians, and 71% were aged between 50 and 69 years and had no symptoms. Ultrasonography results showed steatosis in 84%. NASH was diagnosed in 61% of the sample. 21 patients underwent liver biopsy, of which 36% had cirrhosis, 1 had liver cancer, and 1 pure steatosis (5% each). Risk factors were found in 70% of patients with metabolic syndrome, 87% with increased waist circumference, 63% with dyslipidemia, 61% (n=38) with high blood pressure (HBP), 28% with DM, 52% physically inactive, and 44% with insulin resistance (IR) (HOMA> 3.5). There was an association between IR and NASH (p=0.013), IR and obesity (p=0.027), IR and MS (p=0.006), and MS and steatosis on medical ultrasound (USG) (p=0.014). Conclusion: The most frequent risk factors were MS and its variables: increased waist circumference, dyslipidemia and HBP. This underscores the importance of metabolic control in NAFLD and confirms its role as the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome.

RESUMO Introdução: a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é uma condição heterogênea que inclui esteatose e esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (NASH), na ausência de consumo significante de álcool, podendo atingir 30% da população. Fatores de risco mais comuns são idade, gênero, etnia, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesidade, predisposição, síndrome matabólica (SM), resistência à insulina (RI), drogas e síndrome do ovário policístico. Objetivo: descrever o perfil de portadores de DHGNA assistidos no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, SP. Método: foram avaliados pacientes com DHGNA e coletados dados clínico-epidemiológicos, após consentimento informado. Resultados: dos 62 pacientes estudados, houve predomínio de mulheres (76%), caucasoides (73%), idade entre a quinta e sexta décadas e assintomáticos (71%). Exame de ultrassonografia (US) mostrou esteatose em 84%. NASH foi diagnosticada em 61% da casuística. Em 21 pacientes, biópsia hepática mostrou cirrose em 36% e câncer de fígado e esteatose pura em um paciente (5%) cada. Dos fatores de risco, 70% dos pacientes apresentavam SM; 87%, cintura abdominal alterada; 63%, dislipidemia; 61% (n=38), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS); 28%, DM; 52%, sedentarismo, e em 44% encontrou-se RI (HOMA>3,5). Houve associação entre RI e NASH (p=0,013), RI e obesidade (p=0,027), RI e SM (p=0,006), SM e esteatose à US (p=0,014). Conclusão: os fatores de risco mais frequentes foram SM e suas variáveis (cintura abdominal aumentada, dislipidemia e HAS), o que ressalta a importância do controle metabólico na DHGNA e corrobora o seu papel como componente hepático da SM.

FT3/FT4 ratio predicts non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of metabolic parameters in patients with euthyroidism and hypothyroidism

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of metabolic parameters and thyroid dysfunction on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: The current study evaluated a total of 115 patients, 75 female and 40 male. Physical examination and anthropometric measurements were applied to all participants. Hypothyroidism was considered at a thyroid stimulating hormone level ≥ 4.1 mIU/L. Patients with euthyroidism and patients with hypothyroidism were compared. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The participants were further compared with regard to the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Logistic regression modeling was performed to identify the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and independent variables, such as metabolic parameters and insulin resistance. RESULTS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was identified in 69 patients. The mean waist circumference, body mass index, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR (p<0.001) and FT3/FT4 ratio (p=0.01) values were significantly higher in the patients with NAFLD compared to those without it. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that FT3/FT4 ratio, waist circumference and insulin resistance were independent risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance, enlarged waist circumference, elevated body mass index, higher FT3/FT4 ratio and hypertriglyceridemia are independent risk factors for NADLF, whereas hypothyroidism is not directly related to the condition.

Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA) / Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

En la presente revisión mostramos lo último sobre la etiología, epidemiología, fisiopatología, historia natural, cuadro clínico, tratamiento y complicaciones de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica...

In this review we show you all the advances in ethiology, epidemiology, phisiopatology, natural history, clinic aspects, treatment and complications of non alcoholic steatohepatitis...

INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND OBESITY IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS / Influência do estresse oxidativo e obesidade em pacientes com esteatohepatite não alcoólica

BackgroundNonalcoholic steatohepatitis is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and it is particularly associated to the insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity and abnormalities in lipid and glucose metabolism.ObjectiveConsidering the importance of obesity and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, this study aimed to evaluate the presence and association of the obesity and oxidative stress in this pathology.MethodsFifteen outpatients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis group), diagnosed according to the histopathological findings from the liver biopsy, and 15 body mass index-matched subjects (non nonalcoholic steatohepatitis group) without nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were included. All volunteers were registered in a Brazilian University Hospital. Nutritional assessment (weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference) and biochemical analysis (fasting glucose, liver enzymes, lipid profile, leptin, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins C and E, catalase and 8-isoprostane) were performed for all the participants. The student t test was used for statistical analysis, with P<0.05 as the significant factor.ResultsNonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients had higher fasting glucose, hepatic enzymes (serum aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase), triglycerides and superoxide dismutase and lower glutathione peroxidase values than non nonalcoholic steatohepatitis individuals.ConclusionThis paper demonstrates that only the presence of obesity is not enough to trigger alterations in all the studied biomarkers. Despite the majority of oxidative stress markers being found to be similar in both conditions, the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis subjects could be slightly more affected than the non nonalcoholic steatohepatitis individuals.

ContextoEsteatohepatite não alcoólica é considerada uma manifestação hepática da síndrome metabólica e está particularmente associada com a resistência insulínica, hipertensão, obesidade, anormalidades no metabolismo lipídico e da glicose.ObjetivoConsiderando a importância da obesidade e do estresse oxidativo na fisiopatogenia da esteatohepatite não alcoólica, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação e presença da obesidade e do estresse oxidativo nesta patologia.MétodosQuinze pacientes com esteatohepatite não alcoólica (grupo esteatohepatite não alcoólica), diagnosticados de acordo com os achados histopatológicos da biópsia hepática, e 15 indivíduos sem esteatohepatite não alcoólica com sobrepeso/obesidade (grupo sem esteatohepatite não alcoólica) foram incluídos. Todos os voluntários eram acompanhados em Hospital Universitário Brasileiro. Avaliação nutricional (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal) e bioquímica (glicemia de jejum, enzimas hepáticas, lipidograma, leptina, superóxido dismutase, glutationa peroxidase, vitaminas C e E, catalase e 8-isoprostano) foram realizadas em todos os indivíduos. O teste t de Student foi usado para análise estatística considerando o P≤0,05 como significativo.ResultadosIndivíduos do Grupo esteatohepatite não alcoólica apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de glicemia, AST, ALT, Gama GT, fosfatase alcalina, triglicérides e superóxido dismutase e menor valor de glutationa peroxidase, quando comparados ao Grupo sem esteatohepatite não alcoólica.ConclusãoEste artigo demonstra que somente a presença da obesidade não é suficiente para provocar alterações nos biomarcadores estudados. Apesar da maioria dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo apresentarem-se similar nas duas condições, os pacientes com esteatohepatite não alcoólica podem apresentar-se levemente mais afetados que os indivíduos sem esteatohepatite não alcoólica.

Hígado graso no alcohólico / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

La esteatosis hepática no alcohólica es la acumulación excesiva de grasa en el hígado, en ausencia de causas secundarias y constituye la etiología frecuente de enfermedad hepática crónica sin terapia efectiva demostrada. La enfermedad incluye esteatosis, inflamación, fibrosis/cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma. El fenómeno inicial ocurre en la grasa corporal, con hipertrofia adipocitaria, liberación de adipoquinas y citoquinas pro-inflamatorias, que inducirán resistencia a la insulina. Este fenómeno provocará liberación de ácidos grasos a la circulación, captados por hepatocitos. En su evaluación clínica existen diferentes algoritmos con múltiples variables, limitando la biopsia hepática solo a casos excepcionales. Es esencial modificar el estilo de vida y bajar de peso. En diabéticos, metformina y pioglitazona son de primera elección. Los bloqueadores de la angiotensina son útiles en hipertensos con EHNA. Para prevenir la progresión de la enfermedad y en pacientes no diabéticos, asociar vitamina E. Las estatinas pueden utilizarse dada la asociación con patología cardiovascular.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation in the abscence of secundary causes. It is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. The spectrum ranges from benign steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The initial event is the hyperthofied adipocytes, and the release of adipokines and chemokines, that induce insulin resistance, and then free fatty acids into the circulation that accumulate in the liver. Algorithms have been proposed to target liver biopsy only to select patients. Lifestyle modifications to achieve weight loss are essential for all patients with NAFLD. For diabetics treatment should be with metformin and pioglitazone if glycaemic control is not achieved. Angiotensin receptor blockers are the antihypertensive agent of choice in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). If lifestyle changes and metabolic syndrome are unsuccessful in preventing disease progression, vitami E should be considered, also in non-diabetic patients with advance (NASH).

Prevalencia de la enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) en una población de niños obesos en Valencia, Venezuela / Prevalence of No Alcohol Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a population of obese children in Valencia, Venezuela

El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA), se caracteriza por la acumulación anormal de grasa en los hepatocitos, sin consumo de alcohol, donde sobrepeso y obesidad son factores condicionantes. Se evaluó, por ecosonografía, la prevalencia de hígado graso en pacientes pediátricos obesos y su relación con la evaluación nutricional. Muestra conformada por 85 niños, (51 hembras, 34 varones), edad 3-17 años.Se realizó ecosonografía abdominal, IMC, circunferencia de cintura; Test Godard para actividad física, se interrogó antecedentes de diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidad y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se determinó perfil lipídico, glucosay resistencia a la insulina.Datos analizados a partir de tablas descriptivas y comparativas. Se obtuvo: edad promedio hembras 9,8±2,7 y varones 9,6±2,7 años. La ecosonografía indico 50% hígado graso y 50% hígado-páncreas graso en niños de 3-6 años; 7-11 años hígado-páncreas graso 39,7%; 12-17años 31,6% hígado-páncreas graso (p>0,05); IMC>26kg/m2 hígado-páncreas graso 42,9%; 21- 25 kg/m2 44,7% hígado graso; 15-20 kg/m2 60% hígadopáncreas graso; (p>0,05). CC alta 97,6%. Un 68,2% con actividad física insuficiente; alta frecuencia de antecedentes de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. Se concluye queen la población en estudiohubo predominio dehígado graso con reemplazo graso de páncreas (HG-RGP) en los grupos con mayor IMC, circunferencia de cintura y sexo masculino, sin relación entre resistencia a la insulina, alteraciones del perfil lipídico y diagnóstico de HG. Se infiere que es la evaluación antropométrica de circunferencia de cintura y la ecosonografía abdominal las que indican la presencia de obesidad visceral, que predispone a la condición de esteatosis hepática, pancreática y/o hepática-pancreática.

No Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, without alcohol, where overweight and obesity are determinants. Ecosonografía evaluated the prevalence of fatty liver in obese pediatric patients and its relation to nutritional assessment. The sample consisted of 85 children (51 females, 34 males), age 3-17. The abdominal ecosonography, BMI, waist circumference were performed; Godard Test for physical activity, history of diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease were questioned. Lipid profile, glucose and insulin resistance were determined. Data analyzed from descriptive and comparative tables. We obtained: mean age 9.8 ± 2.7 females and males 9.6 ± 2.7 years. The ecosonography indicated 50% and 50% fatty liver-pancreas fatty liver in children aged 3- 6 years; 7-11 years 39.7% fatty liver-pancreas; 12-17yrs 31.6% fatty liver-pancreas (p> 0.05); BMI> 26kg/m2 42.9% fatty liver-pancreas; 21 to 25 kg/m2 44.7% fatty liver; 15 to 20 kg/m2 60%fatty liver-pancreas (p> 0.05). 97.6% with high CC; 68.2% with inadequate physical activity; high frequency of history of chronic non-communicable diseases. We concluded that this population had predominantly fatty liver fatty replacement of the pancreas (HG-RGP) in the groups with higher BMI, CC and high male unrelated insulin resistance, altered lipid profile and diagnosis HG. We inferred that the anthropometric assessment of waist circumference and abdominal ecosonography indicate the presence of visceral obesity, a condition that predisposes to hepatic steatosis, pancreas and / or liver-pancreas.